Pankhani ya uinjiniya wamankhwala, kukwaniritsa njira zolekanitsa komanso zoyeretsera ndizofunikira kwambiri.Chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri m'munda uno ndi m'zigawo ndi ndende unit.Chigawo chotsogolachi chimaphatikiza matekinoloje angapo kuti achotse, kupatutsa ndi kuyika zinthu zofunika kuchokera ku zosakaniza.Chigawochi chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamankhwala mpaka pakuyenga petroleum.
Waukulu ntchito mfundo ya m'zigawo ndi ndende unit ndi kusankha kupasuka chimodzi kapena zingapo ankafuna zigawo zikuluzikulu ku osakaniza ntchito zosungunulira abwino.Njirayi imakhala yothandiza makamaka podzipatula zosakaniza zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku zosakaniza zovuta, chifukwa zimalola kuchotsedwa kwamtundu womwe mukufuna.Pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana, kutentha, kupsinjika ndi njira zolekanitsa, mainjiniya amatha kukhathamiritsa njira yochotsera kuti igwire bwino ntchito.
Mmodzi wa ubwino waukulu ntchito m'zigawo ndi ndende unit ndi luso kusankha wachotsa zigawo zikuluzikulu pamene kusiya zinthu zapathengo m'mbuyo.Kusankha kumeneku kumathandizira kulekanitsa zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku zonyansa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zomaliza zoyera komanso zokhazikika.Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani opanga mankhwala, magawo ochotsamo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti alekanitse zosakaniza zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala (APIs) kuchokera ku zomera kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe.Izi zimathandiza kupanga mankhwala othandiza kwambiri okhala ndi zonyansa zochepa.
Ubwino wina waukulu wa m'zigawo ndi ndende mayunitsi ndi kuchuluka dzuwa la njira mankhwala.Poganizira zigawo zofunika, akatswiri amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa yankho la m'zigawo, zomwe zimachepetsa zofunika pakukonza.Kukhathamiritsa kumeneku kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira komanso ndalama zonse zopangira.Kuphatikiza apo, mayankho okhazikika nthawi zambiri amawongolera njira zakutsika monga crystallization kapena distillation, kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndikuchepetsa mtengo.
M'zigawo ndi ndende mayunitsi ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana m'zigawo monga madzi-zamadzimadzi m'zigawo (LLE), olimba-gawo m'zigawo (SPE) ndi supercritical madzimadzi m'zigawo (SFE), malinga ndi katundu wa zosakaniza ndi zotsatira ankafuna.LLE imaphatikizapo kusungunula zigawo ziwiri zamadzimadzi zosasunthika, nthawi zambiri zosungunulira zamadzi ndi zosungunulira organic.SPE imagwiritsa ntchito matrices olimba monga activated carbon kapena silica gel kuti azitha kutsatsa zomwe mukufuna.SFE imagwiritsa ntchito madzimadzi pamwamba pa mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuti iwonjezere kutulutsa bwino.Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake ndipo imasankhidwa malinga ndi zofunikira za ndondomekoyi.
Kuwonjezera m'zigawo, ndende mbali ya chipangizo ndi chimodzimodzi.Kuyikirako kumatheka pochotsa zosungunulira ku njira yochotsera, kusiya njira yowonjezera kapena yotsalira yolimba.Gawoli limawonetsetsa kuti zigawo zomwe zikufunidwa zilipo m'malo okwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzikonza kapena kuzisanthula.Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poika ndende zimaphatikizapo evaporation, distillation, kuumitsa-kuzizira, ndi kusefera kwa membrane, pakati pa ena.
Evaporation ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunikira mayankho.Akatenthetsa, zosungunulirazo zimasanduka nthunzi, ndikusiya sulufule yokhazikika.Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pazigawo zokhazikika zotentha.Kumbali inayi, distillation imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene kutentha kwa zosungunulira kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi gawo lomwe mukufuna.Distillation imalekanitsa zosungunulira ku zigawo zina potenthetsa ndi kufewetsa nthunzi.Kuumitsa kuzizira kumagwiritsa ntchito kuzizira kozizira komanso kuchepetsa kuthamanga kuchotsa zosungunulira, kusiya chinthu chouma, chokhazikika.Pomaliza, kusefera kwa membrane kumagwiritsa ntchito nembanemba zovomerezeka kuti zilekanitse zosungunulira kuzinthu zokhazikika.
Pomaliza, magawo ochotsa ndi kuwongolera amatenga gawo lalikulu pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana amankhwala m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.Chigawochi chimaphatikiza njira zochotsera monga LLE, SPE ndi SFE kuti zichotse mwasankha zigawo zomwe mukufuna kusakaniza.Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zowunikira, kuphatikiza evaporation, distillation, kuumitsa-kuzizira ndi kusefera kwa membrane, kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa zomwe mukufuna.Choncho, chipangizochi chimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yosiyana komanso yotsika mtengo yolekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri.Kaya m'mafakitale amankhwala, kuyenga mafuta kapena mafakitale ena amankhwala, magawo ochotsa ndi kusungitsa ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pofunafuna kuchita bwino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-23-2023